Method and system for separation of suspensions

ABSTRACT

A method and system for separating a suspension into solid and fluid components. The suspension is centrifuged about a substantially vertical axis of rotation to concentrate solid components in a first lower flow stream and fluid components in a first upper flow stream. The first upper flow stream may be centrifuged about a substantially vertical axis of rotation to concentrate solid components in a second lower flow stream and fluid components in a second upper flow stream. The first lower flow stream, the second lower flow stream, or both, may be centrifuged about a substantially horizontal axis of rotation to separate water from stackable dry tailings. The method and system may be applied to separation of tailings or other suspensions.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/407,549, filed Dec. 12, 2014, which '549application is the U.S. national stage application of InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/CA2013/050461, filed Jun. 14, 2013, whichinternational application was published on Dec. 9, 2013, asInternational Publication WO2013/185243 in the English language. Theinternational application claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/660,058, filed Jun. 15, 2012. All of the above arehereby incorporated herein by reference in entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to treatment of a suspension ofsolids in a liquid. More particularly, the present disclosure relates toseparation of tailings or other wastewater suspensions into solid andfluid components.

BACKGROUND

Mineable oil sands ore comprise bitumen, water, sand, fine clays, andsilt. The bitumen may be separated from the remaining components of theoil sands using a hot water extraction process. In the hot waterprocess, ore is mixed with hot water, and the oil floats to the top ofthe mixture. The water, sand, and silt are present below the oil. Acaustic solution may be added to facilitate separation of bitumen fromthe sand. The oil is removed from the top of the mixture. The water,including clays and other fines from the ore which remain suspended inthe water, is removed from the bottom of the mixture along with someremaining bitumen, and transported to settling ponds. Horizontalseparators may have application in separating water from clay and otherfines. An example of a horizontal separator is found in U.S. Pat. No.2,622,794, issued Dec. 23, 1952 to Smith.

Fines in suspension settle to about 30 to 40% solid (w/w), at whichpoint they form a gel-like material (a “colloidal suspension”; seebelow). The colloidal suspension includes large amounts of water andslows further settling from the water. In terms of weight, the smallestfines may represent about 3% of the mature fine tailings (“MFT”), butmay entrap coarser solids such that the colloidal suspension formingfrom MFT may contain 30% by weight solids.

Water in the MFT cannot immediately be used again in the hot waterextraction process, requiring that additional water be introduced intothe system to continue the hot water process. MFT eventually settle inthe ponds producing water that can be reused, but the residence time inthe ponds can be years, requiring very large settling ponds whichpresent a hazard to migrating water fowl and are a potential source ofgroundwater contamination (Mercier et al., 2008).

Clays

Clays are sheet-like phyllosilicate crystalline minerals with a layeredstructure of shared octahedral and tetrahedral sheets. Illite,kaolinite, and montmorillonite are three types of clays found in oilsands. Substitution of cations within the structure of these claysproduces a variety of species of clays (Juma, 1998; Mercier et al.,2008)

Bulk deposits of clay are often present in the oil sands deposits. Whilebulk deposits of clay are largely avoided in the mining operations, clayis distributed in the ore and is therefore present in the hot waterprocess. Fine clay particles interfere with the hot water process andthe presence of fines in process water is undesirable. Particles ofclays have negatively charged surfaces and sheet faces, and positivecharges on the edge surfaces. Since the surface area of the sheet faceis much larger than the surface area of the edge face, the negativecharges dominate interactions between particles. Cations, includingH₃O⁺, may facilitate binding between sheets of clay. Clays may benon-swelling, for example kaolinite and illite clays, or swelling, forexample montmorillonite clays.

Colloidal Suspension

When clays are introduced into the hot water process, they becomedefoliated and create the fines found in tailings. The charged surfacesof the fines form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Fines in solutionare a colloidal suspension. As the fines settle, they reach a pointwhere steric forces impede further settling. When this point is reached,the suspension has the consistency of a gel and is called a “floc”.Colloidal suspensions may be described in terms of Gibbs free energy:ΔG=ΔH−TΔS  [Eq. 1]

In Eq. 1, ΔG is the change in Gibbs free energy, ΔH is the change inenthalpy, ΔS is the change in entropy, and T is the temperature, of thesystem. While systems seek a global minimum in G, a system may remain ina local minimum absent sufficient activation energy (“E_(a)”) to exceedthe local minimum G and reach the lower global minimum. A floc is at alocal minimum and will eventually settle out into clays which representa global minimum free energy state. Colloidal suspensions are verystable and can last for years.

Bringing defoliated sheets of clay together again is analogous toadsorption of a molecule on a surface of another substance. At distance,the adsorbing molecule may not be attracted by the surface, and mayactually be repelled. However, in close proximity, attractive Van derWaal forces may cause adsorption onto the surface. Similarly, thenegatively-charged surfaces of clay sheets introduce steric repulsiveforces when the fines particles are at distance, stabilizing the localminimum of the colloidal suspension. However, at close distances, theVan der Waal forces may become large enough to bring the sheetstogether. High ionic strength solutions tend to stabilize the settledclay and promote the settling of the floc state into the clay state.

The stability of the colloidal suspensions (and the ΔG value associatedwith its refoliation) is dependent on the ΔH of hydration of the claysheets, the ΔH of refoliation into clays, and the ΔS of the system.Since the clays settle eventually, the ΔH of refoliation is sufficientlynegative to overcome the negative ΔS of the transition from colloidalsuspension to clay the ΔH of hydration. To move the equilibrium towardsformation of ordered sheets (i.e. foliation), energy must be introducedto overcome the E_(a) of the transition. However, introduction of toomuch energy may move the colloidal suspension into an even higher freeenergy state, which is undesirable.

Fines are negatively charged and their surface area may be upwards of100 m²/g, resulting in a high net negative charge of a suspension offines. Following use in the hot water process, water includes OH⁻. Thedissolved OH⁻ contributes to charge interactions and interferes with thesettling of colloidal suspensions into clays. Each clay sheet in thecolloidal suspension interacts with water through hydrogen and Van derWaal bonds, dissipating surface charge energy. The energy of hydrationof the colloidal suspension may, along with the steric forces,contribute to the activation energies to be overcome in refoliation.

Kaolinite may have a lower E_(a) to reform into clay than illite.Increasing the availability of cations to the clay formation maycontribute to overcoming the E_(a) required to settle the colloidalsuspensions. The availability of cations may be increased by acidifyingthe solution. At lower pH values, cations other than H₃O⁺ are lesslikely to remain coordinated to OH⁻ in solution and would be availablefor binding to negatively charged surfaces particles of fines. Further,the presence of H₃O⁺ may decrease the amount of water surrounding fines,allowing particles of fines to settle closer together (a hydration layerdoes not need to be as thick to dissipate the negativity charge surfaceswith the positive charge on the hydronium ions). This change inenvironment may reduce the E_(a) enough for the spontaneous settling ofthe colloidal suspension. If not, sufficient energy can be added to thesystem to overcome the remaining E_(a), allowing settling to occurspontaneously into the lower free energy state. However, fines ingeneral, and particularly fines that have formed a colloidal suspension,do not settle out of solution easily.

SUMMARY

It is an object of the present disclosure to obviate or mitigate atleast one disadvantage of previous tailings treatment processes.

The method includes separation of fines from tailings in a centrifugehaving a substantially vertical axis of rotation, as described below inthis summary, resulting in an upper flow stream and a lower flow stream.In some embodiments, the tailings may be acidified, a second centrifugehaving a substantially horizontal axis of rotation (as described belowin this summary) may be applied to separate suspended particles fromwater in the lower flow stream, a third centrifuge having asubstantially vertical axis of rotation may be employed in a stepintermediate the other two centrifuges to treat the upper flow streamwith the upper flow stream being alkalinized prior to being provided tothe third centrifuge to facilitate formation of ooids from suspendedparticles (the ooids separate more easily from the suspension thanfines), or a combination of these features may be provided.

A first centrifuge for use in the method includes an inner assemblywithin a body. The inner assembly is separated from an inner surface ofthe body by a space and the interior of the inner assembly is isolatedfrom the space. The inner assembly includes paddles and a baffleattached to a drive shaft. The drive shaft is rotatable about asubstantially vertical axis to rotate the inner assembly. Duringrotation of the inner assembly, centripetal forces force particles toremain in the space, as opposed to moving through the baffle into theinner assembly. In addition, frictional forces between the innerassembly and the fluid suspension in the discharge space causes thefluids to rotate with lower velocity and further urges the particlesagainst the inner wall of the body (i.e. within the discharge space andnot into the inner assembly, similarly in principle to a cycloneseparator). In the space, the concentrated particles will settle out tothe bottom of the body for removal as a lower flow stream. Fluidcomponents of a suspension being centrifuged within the body may flowinto the inner assembly through the baffle. Flowing through the baffledampens turbulent flow into laminar unidirectional flow. The paddleskeep the fluid moving at the same angular velocity throughout theinterior of the inner assembly. The fluid can be recovered as an upperflow stream from within the inner assembly. Thus, by application ofcentripetal force and of gravity, most of the particles in suspensionare sequestered in the space while fluid with a small amount ofparticles (e.g. the smallest particles) flows into the inner assembly.Feed can be continually introduced into the discharge space and mixedwith the rotating suspension by the turbulent flow in the dischargespace. The upper and lower flow streams may similarly be removed in acontinuous process.

A second centrifuge for use in the method includes a body extendingalong a substantially horizontal axis. A drive shaft extends through thebody and is connected to a rake which is positioned proximate an innersurface of the body. The body is rotatable independently of the driveshaft. When the drive shaft is rotated at a differential speed relativeto the body, the rake moves settled solids towards a solids outlet,while fluid separated from the solids flow towards a fluid outlet. Therake is centralized within the body during rotation by fluid dynamics.As with the first centrifuge, feed can be added to, and fluids andsolids recovered from, the second centrifuge in a continuous process.

In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method and systemfor separating a suspension into solid and fluid components. Thesuspension is centrifuged about a substantially vertical axis ofrotation to concentrate solid components in a first lower flow streamand fluid components in a first upper flow stream. The first upper flowstream may be centrifuged about a substantially vertical axis ofrotation to concentrate solid components in a second lower flow streamand fluid components in a second upper flow stream. The first lower flowstream, the second lower flow stream, or both, may be centrifuged abouta substantially horizontal axis of rotation to separate water fromstackable dry tailings. The method and system may be applied toseparation of tailings or other suspensions.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method ofseparating fines from tailings including providing tailings; andcentrifuging the tailings about a substantially vertical axis ofrotation to separate the tailings into a first upper flow streamcomprising water and ultrafines, and a first lower flow streamcomprising water and fines.

In an embodiment, the method include separating the first lower flowstream into water and stackable product. In an embodiment, separatingthe first lower flow stream into water and stackable product includescentrifuging the first lower flow stream about a substantiallyhorizontal axis of rotation. In an embodiment, centrifuging the firstlower flow stream is with a centripetal force of between 70 G and 170 Gat a maximum centrifugal radius. In an embodiment, centrifuging thefirst lower flow stream is with a centripetal force of about 120 G at amaximum centrifugal radius.

In an embodiment, centrifuging the tailings is with a centripetal forceof between 100 G and 700 G at a maximum centrifugal radius. In anembodiment, centrifuging the tailings is with a centripetal force ofabout 400 G at a maximum centrifugal radius.

In an embodiment, the method includes acidifying the tailings prior tocentrifuging. In an embodiment, acidifying the tailings is with CO2. Inan embodiment, the CO2 is at a pressure of between 7 and 13 MPa. In anembodiment, the CO2 is at a pressure of about 10 MPa. In an embodiment,the CO2 is at a pressure of between 2 and 8 MPa. In an embodiment, theCO2 is at a pressure of about 5 MPa. In an embodiment, centrifuging thetailings is in the presence of saturating concentrations of CO2

.

In an embodiment, the method includes acidifying the tailings prior tocentrifuging. In an embodiment, acidifying the tailings is with CO2. Inan embodiment, the method further includes degassing the first upperflow stream to produce CO2 offgas. In an embodiment, the degassing is ata pressure of between 2 and 8 MPa. In an embodiment, the degassing is ata pressure of about 5 MPa. In an embodiment, method further includesrecovering and sequestering the CO2 offgas.

In an embodiment, the method includes acidifying the tailings prior tocentrifuging. In an embodiment, acidifying the tailings is with CO2. Inan embodiment, the method includes centrifuging the first upper flowstream about a substantially vertical axis of rotation to separate thefirst upper flow stream into a second upper flow stream comprising waterand a second lower flow stream comprising water and aggregatedultrafines. In an embodiment, the method includes alkalinizing the firstupper flow stream. In an embodiment, the first upper flow stream isalkalinized with Ca(OH)2 and OH—. In an embodiment, the method includesadding a material to facilitate nucleation of the fines and formation ofooids. In an embodiment, the material includes clay, quartz, carbonate,or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the method includes acidifying the tailings prior tocentrifuging. In an embodiment, acidifying the tailings is with CO2. Inan embodiment, the method includes centrifuging the first upper flowstream about a substantially vertical axis of rotation to separate thefirst upper flow stream into a second upper flow stream comprising waterand a second lower flow stream comprising water and aggregatedultrafines. In an embodiment, the method includes degassing the secondupper flow stream to produce CO2 offgas. In an embodiment, the methodincludes recovering and sequestering the CO2 offgas.’

In an embodiment, the method includes acidifying the tailings prior tocentrifuging. In an embodiment, acidifying the tailings is with CO2. Inan embodiment, the method includes centrifuging the first upper flowstream about a substantially vertical axis of rotation to separate thefirst upper flow stream into a second upper flow stream comprising waterand a second lower flow stream comprising water and aggregatedultrafines. In an embodiment, the method includes combining the firstlower flow stream with the second lower flow stream into a combinedlower flow stream, and separating the combined lower flow stream intowater and stackable product. In an embodiment, separating the combinedlower flow stream into water and stackable product comprisescentrifuging the combined lower flow stream about a substantiallyhorizontal axis of rotation. In an embodiment, providing the tailings,centrifuging the tailings, centrifuging the first upper flow stream, andcentrifuging the combined lower flow stream about a substantiallyhorizontal axis of rotation are performed as a continuous process.

In an embodiment, the tailings comprise TFT, MFT, or both. In anembodiment, the tailings comprise up to about 50% (w/w) solids. In anembodiment, the tailings comprise 30% to 35% (w/w) solids. In anembodiment, the tailings comprise about 8% (w/w) solids.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a centrifuge forseparating a suspension into an upper flow stream and a lower flowstream. The centrifuge includes an elongate body extending along asubstantially vertical longitudinal axis between a bottom end and a topend; a drive shaft extending through the body along the longitudinalaxis and rotatable about the longitudinal axis independently of thebody; two or more paddles connected to the drive shaft for agitating thesuspension during rotation of the drive shaft, an outer edge of each ofthe paddles separated from an inner surface of the body to define aspace; a baffle connected to the drive shaft, the baffle disposedbetween the drive shaft and the inner surface of the body for dampeningturbulence in the suspension during centrifugation; an inlet forreceiving the suspension into the body; a lower flow stream outlet fordischarging the lower flow stream proximate the bottom end; and an upperflow stream outlet for discharging the upper flow stream proximate thetop end.

In an embodiment, the baffle is positioned between the outer edges ofthe paddles and the inner surface of the body. In an embodiment, thebaffle is a shroud enclosing the paddles and separated from the innersurface of the body to define the space, the shroud having a pluralityof apertures for allowing fluid to pass through the shroud. In anembodiment, the shroud is connected to paddles at the outer edges of thepaddles. In an embodiment, the apertures are hexagonal in cross section.

In an embodiment, the paddles are connected to the drive shaft byconnectors and separated from the drive shaft along a portion of thelength of each paddle along the longitudinal axis.

In an embodiment, the paddles are connected to the drive shaft by aplurality of connector plates between the paddles for compartmentalizingspaces between the paddles and the connector plates.

In an embodiment, the inlet is located proximate the top end.

In an embodiment, the inlet is located on the top end.

In an embodiment, the lower flow stream outlet is located on the bottomend.

In an embodiment, the upper flow stream outlet is located on the topend.

In an embodiment, the centrifuge includes an upper flow stream passagewithin the drive shaft, and wherein the upper flow stream outlet is influid communication with the upper flow stream passage. In anembodiment, the centrifuge includes a second body extending from the topend, the second body defining an upper flow stream discharge spacewithin the second body, and wherein the upper flow stream outlet is influid communication with the upper flow stream discharge space.

In an embodiment, the centrifuge includes a pump for introducing gasinto the body.

In an embodiment, the centrifuge includes a pressure relief valve on thebody for relieving pressure within the body.

In an embodiment, the centrifuge includes a cyclone separator below thebody for collecting the lower flow stream.

In an embodiment, the centrifuge includes an additive inlet in the bodyfor administering fluids or solids other than the suspension into thebody.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a centrifuge forseparating a suspension into a fluid component and a solids component.The centrifuge includes an elongate body extending along a substantiallyhorizontal longitudinal axis between a fluid discharge end and a solidsdischarge end, the body rotatable about the longitudinal axis; aseparation zone defined within the body, the separation zone having agreater cross-sectional area at the solids discharge end than at thefluid discharge end; a rotation driver for rotating the body about thelongitudinal axis; a drive shaft extending through the body androtatable about the longitudinal axis independently of the body; a rakeconnected to the drive shaft and positioned proximate an inner surfaceof the body; a first inlet for receiving the suspension into theseparation zone; a fluid discharge outlet for discharging fluidproximate the fluid discharge; and a solids discharge outlet fordischarging solids proximate the solids discharge end. Rotation of thebody with the suspension in the separation zone causes rotation of therake and drive shaft. Differential rotation of the rake relative to thebody directs solids to the solid discharge end.

In an embodiment, the rake is helical and extends along substantiallythe entire length of the body along the longitudinal axis.

In an embodiment, the centrifuge includes a brake for slowing rotationof the drive shaft independently of the body to provide differentialrotation of the rake and the body.

In an embodiment, the first feed inlet is located within the driveshaft. In an embodiment, the centrifuge includes a second feed inletwithin the drive shaft for delivering fluid to the separation zone, thefirst and second feed inlets delivering feed at different longitudinallocations along the separation zone.

In an embodiment, the centrifuge includes a support plate mounted on thedrive shaft for supporting the body, the support plate including aplurality of apertures for allowing fluid to pass through the supportplate.

In an embodiment, the rake defines a cavity on an outer surface of therake facing the inner for pooling of the suspension during rotation ofthe drive shaft. In an embodiment, the centrifuge includes flangesextending laterally from the ski on each side of the cavity tofacilitate rotation of the rake and the drive shaft by rotation of thebody with the suspension in the separation zone and to facilitatehydroplaning over the inner surface of the body during differentialrotation.

In an embodiment, the rotation driver comprises a support wheelpositioned about an outer surface of the body for supporting the bodyduring rotation of the body and a drive wheel positioned about the outersurface for driving rotation of the body about the longitudinal axis.

In an embodiment, the fluid discharge outlet is on the fluid dischargeend.

In an embodiment, the solids discharge outlet is on the solids dischargeend.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a system forseparating fines from tailings comprising a first centrifuge assummarized above (substantially vertical axis of rotation) and a secondcentrifuge as summarized above (substantially horizontal axis ofrotation).

In an embodiment, the system includes a third centrifuge for separatinga suspension into an upper flow stream and a lower flow stream. Thethird centrifuge includes an elongate body extending along asubstantially vertical longitudinal axis between a bottom end and a topend; a drive shaft extending through the body along the longitudinalaxis and rotatable about the longitudinal axis independently of thebody; two or more paddles connected to the drive shaft for agitating thesuspension during rotation of the drive shaft, an outer edge of each ofthe paddles separated from an inner surface of the body to define aspace; a baffle connected to the drive shaft, the baffle disposedbetween the drive shaft and the inner surface of the body for dampeningturbulence in the suspension during centrifugation; an inlet forreceiving the suspension into the body; a lower flow stream outlet fordischarging the lower flow stream proximate the bottom end; an upperflow stream outlet for discharging the upper flow stream proximate thetop end; and a cyclone separator below the body for collecting the lowerflow stream. The second centrifuge includes an elongate body extendingalong a substantially horizontal longitudinal axis between a fluiddischarge end and a solids discharge end, the body rotatable about thelongitudinal axis; a separation zone defined within the body, theseparation zone having a greater cross-sectional area at the solidsdischarge end than at the fluid discharge end; a rotation driver forrotating the body about the longitudinal axis; a drive shaft extendingthrough the body and rotatable about the longitudinal axis independentlyof the body; a rake connected to the drive shaft and positionedproximate an inner surface of the body; a first inlet located within thedrive shaft for receiving the suspension into the separation zone; afluid discharge outlet for discharging fluid proximate the fluiddischarge; a solids discharge outlet for discharging solids proximatethe solids discharge end; and a second feed inlet within the drive shaftfor delivering fluid to the separation zone, the first and second feedinlets delivering feed at different longitudinal locations along theseparation zone. Rotation of the body with the suspension in theseparation zone causes rotation of the rake and drive shaft.Differential rotation of the rake relative to the body directs solids tothe solid discharge end. In an embodiment, the upper flow stream outletof the first centrifuge is in fluid communication with the inlet of thethird centrifuge, the lower flow stream outlet of the first centrifugeis in fluid communication with the first inlet of the second centrifuge,and the lower flow stream outlet of the third centrifuge is in fluidcommunication with the second inlet of the second centrifuge.

Other aspects and features of the present disclosure will becomeapparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of thefollowing description of specific embodiments in conjunction with theaccompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the attached figures.

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a process for separating fines from tailings;

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a system for separating fines from tailings;

FIG. 3 is a partial cutaway perspective view of a centrifuge with asubstantially vertical axis of rotation;

FIG. 4 is a partial cutaway perspective view of an inner assembly of thecentrifuge of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the centrifuge of FIG. 3along the plane 5-5;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional plan view of the stage centrifuge of FIG. 3along the plane 6-6;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the centrifuge of FIG. 3along the plane 5-5 in operation;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional plan view of the centrifuge of FIG. 3 alongthe plane 6-6 in operation;

FIG. 9 is a partial cutaway perspective view of an alternative innerassembly for the centrifuge of FIG. 3;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional plan view of the alternative inner assemblyof FIG. 9 along the plane 10-10;

FIG. 11 is a detail view of a permeable sheet with hexagonal aperturesfor use with an inner assembly (e.g. of FIG. 4 or 9);

FIG. 12 is an elevation partial cutaway view of an alternativecentrifuge with a substantially vertical axis of rotation;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional elevation view of an alternative centrifugewith a substantially vertical axis of rotation in operation along aplane corresponding to 5-5 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 14 is a plan view of a base of the centrifuge of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a centrifuge with a substantiallyhorizontal axis of rotation;

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the centrifuge of FIG. 15along the plane 16-16;

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the centrifuge of FIG. 15along the plane 17-17 showing a rake assembly and drive shaft withoutcross section;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the centrifuge of FIG. 15along the plane 17-17 showing the rake assembly and drive shaft in crosssection;

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the centrifuge of FIG. 15along the plane 17-17 showing the rake assembly and drive shaft in crosssection in operation;

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional elevation view of an embodiment of a rakeof the centrifuge of claim 15;

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional elevation view of an alternative centrifugewith a substantially horizontal axis of rotation along a plane analogousto the plane 17-17 of FIG. 15 showing a rake assembly and drive shaftwithout cross section;

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the centrifuge of FIG. 21along a plane analogous to the plane 17-17 of FIG. 15 showing the rakeassembly and drive shaft in cross section; and

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of an outer shroud for the centrifuge ofFIG. 15.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is desirable to provide an apparatus and process for separating solidcomponents from fluid components of tailings. Generally, the presentdisclosure relates to a process and system for separating a suspensionof fines into solid and fluid components (the suspension exemplified astailings). The process includes, and the system facilitates,centrifuging the suspension about a substantially vertical axis ofrotation to concentrate solid components in a first lower flow streamand fluid components in a first upper flow stream. The first upper flowstream may be centrifuged about a substantially vertical axis ofrotation to concentrate solid components in a second lower flow streamand fluid components in a second upper flow stream. The first lower flowstream, the second lower flow stream, or both, may be centrifuged abouta substantially horizontal axis of rotation to separate water fromstackable dry tailings.

The method and system may be applied to separation of tailings or otherwastewater. Tailings are a by-product of many operations, for examplemining operations. Tailings include at least a fluid component and asolid component. Prior to application of the process, sand may beremoved from the tailings, for example by use of tailings beaches,resulting in suspended tailings including thin fine tailings (“TFT”),mature fine tailings (“MFT”), or both. TFT and MFT are suspensions offines in water. Generally, the fines include particles of less thanabout 40 μm in their largest dimension. TFT include suspensions that arebetween 5 and 10 percent (w/w) suspended solids, for example about 8percent (w/w) suspended solids. MFT include suspensions that are up toabout 50 percent (w/w) suspended solids, for example between 30 and 35percent (w/w) suspended solids, and may form colloidal suspensions. Theprocess has application to tailings from mining operations, for exampleTFT and MFT from oil sands mining. Alternatively, the process may beapplied to separation of solid and fluid components of other colloidalsuspensions in other industries. In a further alternative, the processmay be applied, for example, to separation of two fluids of varyingdensity, for example water separated from bitumen swollen with CO₂, orseparation of fluids from solids in treatment of sewage or otherwastewater.

Tailings may include ultrafines (particles less than about 3 μm indiameter). In the settling ponds, the coarse sand and larger siltparticles quickly settle out. The clays and other fines settle out overtime, sometimes over a period of seven years or more. Ultrafines in thetailings lead to increased settling times in part because of stericforces between the particles, particle clusters, and ions in solution.

The process employs centrifugation to separate fines from the fluidcomponents of tailings. The process may also employ acidification of thetailings, for example with CO₂, to increase the cation availability andto increase the ionic strength of the water. The resulting solidcomponent may be stackable (Mikula et al., 2008).

Energy may be added to a colloidal suspension to overcome the E_(a) forthe transition from the colloidal suspension to a settled product,accelerating the settling process (e.g. by centrifuging the suspension).Alternatively, the environment of the colloidal suspension can bechanged to reduce the required E_(a) (e.g. by acidifying clayparticles). Each of these mechanisms of accelerating settling of thecolloidal suspension may be applied in the process.

Centrifuge Theory

Centrifuges generate centripetal acceleration by rotating at highspeeds. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is given bya=ω ² r  [Eq. 2]

In Eq. 2, r is the radius of a body being spun and ω is rotationalvelocity.

Dense particles in suspension experience three forces, which at steadystate sum to zero. The first force is the centripetal force (“F”) due tocentripetal acceleration generated by the centrifuge:F=ma  [Eq. 3]

In Eq. 3, m is the mass of the particle.

The second force is the buoyant force (“F_(ab)”), which is force on theparticle equivalent to that of the displaced water resulting in netcentripetal force (“F_(n)”) on the particle:F _(n) =F _(ab) =V _(p)(ρ_(p)−ρ_(w))ω² r  [Eq. 4]

In Eq. 4, V_(p) is the particle volume, and ρ_(p) and ρ_(w) are thedensities of the particle and of water, respectively.

The third force is the drag force on the particle, or the force of thefluid opposing the velocity of the particle in the parallel directionsof the centripetal force. Where the particles have a very high aspectratio (i.e. where the particles are long and narrow), the particles arelikely to align with flow of fluid within which they are suspended.

The centrifuge creates pressure as it rotates with the highest pressureat the outside given by Eq. 5:P _(r2) =P _(r1)+πρω²(r ₂ ² −r ₁ ²)  [Eq. 5]In Eq. 5, P_(r1) is the pressure at the interface of the water at radiusr₁ and P_(r2) is the pressure at radius r₂, where r₂>r₁. Where thedensity of the suspension is high enough that the particles contact andcan partially support the pressure, pressure will contribute tocompacting the suspension. At such a density, water is pushed out of theporosity by collapsing the solid structure under the pressure P_(r2).

Acidifying Tailings with CO₂ and CaCO₃ Precipitation

Dissolution of CO₂ in water occurs by the following reaction:CO₂+H₂O

H⁺+HCO₃ ⁻

2H⁺+CO₃ ²⁻

When CO₂ is dissolved in water at a pressure of approximately 10 MPa,the resulting solution may have a pH of approximately 3 (Hangx, 2005).CaCO₃ in solution saturated by CO₂ will form soluble Ca(HCO₃)₂. Loweringthe partial pressure of CO₂ results in evolution of CO₂ from solution.Evolution of CO₂ results in an increase of the pH of the solution.Increasing the pH results in precipitation of Ca(HCO₃)₂.

An increase in ionic concentration increases the strength of ionicinteractions in the colloidal suspension, neutralizing the steric forcesand facilitating settling, and also facilitates refoliation of the clay.H₃O⁺ facilitates refoliation of the clay and makes the ΔH of hydrationof the clay sheets more favorable. H₃O⁺ and other cations bind to thenegatively charged surfaces of the clay sheets. H₃O⁺ interacts with thewater about the clay sheets, neutralizing the sheets' negative surfacecharge, and lowers both the ΔH of hydration of the clay sheets and theE_(a) for the colloidal suspension to reform into clay.

CaCO₃ precipitates onto negativity charged surfaces, for example thoseof quartz and clays. The large surface area of the fines organized intoclay sheets makes them a preferred surface upon which precipitation mayoccur. Addition of Ca(OH)₂ to a solution of CO₂ may result inprecipitation of CaCO₃ on to the sheets, neutralizing the net charge onthe surface of the fines and facilitating aggregation of the fines intolarger layers, further facilitating settling.

The tailings may include bitumen droplets emulsified with water. Whenexposed to CO₂, the droplets become less dense and the emulsion withwater may break. CO₂ dissolves in bitumen, swelling the volume of thebitumen, for example by approximately 5-10%, reducing the density of thebitumen, and reducing the strength of the water-bitumen emulsion. Inaddition, caustic water from extraction of the bitumen often createssalts with organic acids in the bitumen. In the acidic environment,these salts revert to organic acids, lowering any surfactant tendency ofthe bitumen. In addition, these organic acids may facilitate removal ofheavy metal ions from the water.

Process and System

FIG. 1 is a schematic of an embodiment of the process. The process ofFIG. 1 has three stages. At stage one, fines in the tailings areseparated from water, hydrocarbons, and ultrafines. At stage two, theultrafines from stage one are precipitated as ooids (“ooids” aredescribed below) and the water and hydrocarbons from stage one arerecovered. At stage three, the fines from stage one and the ooids fromstage two are further dewatered into stackable product, and theresulting water may be recovered for reuse.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of an embodiment of a system 50 used to carry outthe process. The system includes a stage one centrifuge 10, a stage twocentrifuge 210, and a stage three centrifuge 400. The roles of each ofthese components of the system 50 are described below according to eachof the three steps of the method.

Stage One

Tailings 98 are provided, for example from used process water from whichsand and silt have settled out in a settling pond. The tailings 98 mayinclude TFT and MFT. The tailings 98 may be recovered from the settlingpond for use as stage one feed 100. In an embodiment, the tailings 98may be acidified by exposure to CO₂ at pressure, for example between 2and 8 MPa CO₂, or at about 5 MPa, prior to use as stage one feed 100.Alternatively, CO₂ pressure may be between 7 and 13 MPa, or about 10MPa. The stage one feed 100 may be about 95% water by volume, forexample between 92% and 98%. Alternatively, the stage one feed 100 mayhave a lower percentage of water by volume, for example 65% to 70% orabout 50%. The remaining components of the stage one feed 100 includefines (including ultrafines) and may include hydrocarbons.

The stage one feed 100 is separated by centripetal force and gravity. Inan embodiment, a stage one centrifuge 10 (discussed below with referenceto FIGS. 3 to 12) may be used, which applies a combination ofcentripetal force and gravity to separate a portion of the fines in thestage one feed 100 from water, hydrocarbons, and ultrafines in the stageone feed 100. Without being bound by theory, acidification mayfacilitate settling of fines and separation of the hydrocarbons may befacilitated by CO₂ swelling.

The stage one feed 100 is separated into a stage one upper flow stream106 and a stage one lower flow stream 108. The stage one upper flowstream 106 includes water and ultrafines. The stage one upper flowstream 106 may include hydrocarbons and fines. The stage one lower flowstream 108 includes water and fines. The stage one lower flow stream 108may include hydrocarbons and ultrafines. The concentration of fines inthe stage one lower flow stream 108 will be greater than in the stageone feed 100. For example, of the fines present in the stage one feed100, between about 2% (w/w) and about 40% (w/w) may be concentrated inthe stage one lower flow stream 108. For example, of the ultrafinespresent in the stage one feed 100, between about 3% (w/w) and about 5%(w/w) may be concentrated in the stage one upper flow stream 106. Thepercentage may be affected by factors including, for example, the claysin the stage one feed 100, the radius of the centrifuge, the speed ofrotation, the pH of the stage one feed 100, and the ionic strength ofthe stage one feed 100.

The stage one lower flow stream 108 may, for example, have a density ofabout 1,500 kg/m³, for example between 1,300 kg/m³ and 2,000 kg/m³, andbe flowable. A feed rate of stage one feed 100 of, for example 15,000m³/d, may produce 14,250 m³/d of stage one upper flow stream 106 and 750m³/d of stage one lower flow stream 108.

In an embodiment, stage one lower flow stream 108 may be added to thestage one feed 100 to increase the rate of collisions between clayparticles and facilitate aggregation and separation of fines from fluid.Once stage one of the process has reached a steady state, furtheraddition of stage one lower flow stream 108 may be unnecessary.

Stage Two

In an embodiment, the process includes stage two. In stage two,ultrafines suspended in the stage one upper flow stream 106 areprecipitated as ooids 300 and are separated from water present in thestage one upper flow stream 106. The ooids 300 are spherical structureswhich precipitate from CaCO₃ solutions.

In an embodiment, the stage one upper flow stream 106 may bealkalinized, for example by addition of Ca(OH)₂ and NaOH to the stageone upper flow stream 106. The resulting increase in pH facilitatesformation of ooids 300 including CaCO₃. The ooids 300 may grow fromnucleation points on particles of fines. In an embodiment, addition ofCa(OH)₂ and NaOH raises the pH of the stage one upper flow stream 106 toabout 8, for example between 7.5 and 8.5.

The stage one upper flow stream 106 with Ca(OH)₂ and NaOH is separatedby centripetal force and gravity. In an embodiment, a stage twocentrifuge 210 (discussed below with reference to FIGS. 13 and 14) maybe used, which applies a combination of centripetal force and gravity toseparate a portion of the ultrafines (precipitated as ooids 300) in thestage one upper flow stream 106 from water in the stage one upper flowstream 106.

The stage one upper flow stream 106 with Ca(OH)₂ and NaOH is separatedinto a stage two upper flow stream 306 and a stage two lower flow stream304. The stage two upper flow stream 306 includes water and may beuseful for reuse in a hot water extraction process. The stage two lowerflow stream 304 includes the ooids 300 that precipitate from the stageone upper flow stream 106. During centrifugation, the ooids 300 mayremain suspended in solution and migrate to the bottom and outside ofthe centrifuge as they increase in size. The longer the ooids 300 are inthe suspension, the more the ooids 300 will grow, increasing the extentto which they will be affected by gravity and centripetal force.

In an embodiment, material may be added to provide nucleation points forformation of ooids 300, resulting in facilitated nucleation of the finesto form ooids 300. The material may for example be clay, quartz, orcarbonate, and may have a particle size of, for example, about 40microns in the largest dimension. A greater surface area to mass ratioof the added material will facilitate nucleation.

In an embodiment, the stage one lower flow stream 108 is centrifugedunder pressure. In an embodiment, the pressure is between 2 and 8 MPaCO₂, or at about 5 MPa. In an embodiment, the pressure is between 7 and13 MPa, or about 10 MPa.

In an embodiment, the stage one upper flow stream 106 may be degassedprior to centrifugation, for example at atmospheric pressure, between 2and 8 MPa pressure, or at about 5 MPa pressure, to allow evolution ofsome CO₂ from solution. CO₂ vapour may be recovered from the stage oneupper flow stream 106, for example with a vapour recovery unit (“VRU”;not shown). For example, a first tank and a second tank in series (notshown), each equipped with a skimmer and a VRU, may be used to recoverCO₂.

Placement of the stage one upper flow stream 106 into the first andsecond tanks allows the CO₂ to evolve from solution in the stage oneupper flow stream 106. Without being bound by theory, the CO₂ maynucleate on some of the ultrafines and float them to surface.Hydrocarbons remaining in the stage one upper flow stream 106 may floatto the top of the stage one upper flow stream 106, which may befacilitated where the hydrocarbons are swollen with CO₂. The skimmer maybe used to remove ultrafines and hydrocarbons from the surface of thetops flow stream. The hydrocarbons may include hydrophobic minerals, forexample titanium and zirconium (Majid et al., 2005), which may also berecovered. Ca(OH)₂ and NaOH may be added in the second tank prior toadding the stage one upper flow stream 106 with Ca(OH)₂ and NaOH to thestage two centrifuge.

Stage Three

In an embodiment, the process includes stage three. In stage three,stage three feed is separated into stackable product and water. In anembodiment, the stage three feed may be the stage one lower flow stream108. In an embodiment, the stage three feed includes a combination ofthe stage one lower flow stream 108 and the stage two lower flow stream304, and the combined lower flow streams are separated into stackableproduct and water. The water may be reused as process water. Thestackable product may be used to reclaim mine sites. The stackableproduct includes aggregated fines and water. The stackable product mayfor example have a density of between 1700 to 2000 kg/m³, for exampleabout 1850 kg/m³ (approximately 30% water). Lower water fractions in thestackable product may be achievable, depending on a number of factors,including the solid's porosity (with greater porosity fines retainingmore water) and economic considerations.

In an embodiment, the stage three feed may be separated into stackableproduct and water in a stage three centrifuge (discussed below withreference to FIGS. 15 to 23). The stage three centrifuge is elongatewith a substantially horizontal axis of rotation and includes a rake forskimming an inner surface of the centrifuge to displace suspended solidsalong the axis of rotation.

In an embodiment, the stage one lower flow stream 108 may be degassed toremove CO₂ prior to separation of the stage one lower flow stream 108into stackable product and water. In an embodiment, the stage two lowerflow stream 304 may be degassed prior to introduction of the stage twolower flow stream 304 into stackable product and water. Degassing may bein a tank with a VRU providing atmospheric pressure or lower.

In an embodiment, Ca(OH)₂ and NaOH may be added to the stage one lowerflow stream 108 to precipitate CaCO₃. Precipitation of CaCO₃ removesadditional CO₂ from solution and facilitates aggregation of fines.Without being bound by theory, the stage two lower flow stream 304 mayincrease the pH of the stage one lower flow stream 108 and cause furtherprecipitation of CaCO₃ from the stage one lower flow stream 108.

In an embodiment, cationic polymers may be added to either the stage oneflow stream, the stage two lower flow stream 304, or both, prior tointroducing the lower flow streams into the stage three centrifuge.Addition of cationic polymers may facilitate aggregation andprecipitation of the fines. The more CaCO₃ that has already precipitatedfrom either the stage one lower flow stream 108, the stage two lowerflow stream 304, or both, the less the benefit of adding cationicpolymers.

Stage One Centrifuge

FIGS. 3 to 8 show a stage one centrifuge 10. The stage one centrifuge 10includes a body 12 with a top 14 and a bottom 16. The inner assembly 18is within the body 12. The inner assembly 18 includes a drive shaft 20and a plurality of paddles 22 connected to the drive shaft 20 byconnectors 42. The inner assembly 18 is drivingly engaged by the driveshaft 20. A discharge space 24 is between an outer edge 26 of thepaddles 22 and an inner surface of the body 12. Bearings 27 are mountedin the body 12 to allow rotation of the drive shaft 20. The drive shaft20 is substantially vertical, and may be vertical (e.g. in the stage onecentrifuge 10). As a result, an axis of rotation about the drive shaft20 is substantially vertical. The extent to which the axis of rotationof the drive shaft 20 may be off the vertical and still achieve theperformance required for a given application will depend on the givenapplication and operating parameters of a given embodiment. For example,in some embodiments, the drive shaft 20 may be off the vertical by up to10 degrees (e.g. in the stage one centrifuge 210 of FIG. 12 is off thevertical by about 10 degrees).

The stage one centrifuge 10 includes a baffle for dampening turbulencein the suspension during centrifugation as fluid components 104 (FIGS. 7and 8) flow into the center of the inner assembly 18. The baffle isexemplified in the stage one centrifuge 10 as a shroud 38 connected tothe drive shaft 20, the shroud 38 including a plurality of apertures 40to facilitate flow of fluids through the shroud 38. The paddles 22 arewithin the shroud 38, and the discharge space 24 is defined between theshroud 38 and the inner surface of the body 12. Other suitable bafflesmay be employed and located between the drive shaft 20 and the innersurface of the body 12. Without being bound by theory, the baffle,exemplified by the shroud 38, may decrease turbulence in the suspensionduring centrifugation by increasing the uniformity of fluids passingthrough the apertures 40 toward the center of the inner assembly 18,which may decrease the likelihood that suspended solids are swept byfluids migrating toward the center of the inner assembly 18.

The stage one feed 100 flows into the discharge space 24 through a feedinlet 28, exemplified as being in an outer shell wall 32 of the body 12.A lower flow stream outlet 30 for discharging the lower flow stream 108is proximate the bottom 16. The lower flow stream outlet 30 may be in anouter shell wall 32, or may be in the bottom 16 and co-extensive with atleast a portion of the discharge space 24. An upper flow stream outlet34 for discharging the upper flow stream 106 is proximate the top 14. Inan embodiment, and as shown in the figures, the upper flow stream outlet34 may be at least partially within the drive shaft 20 to allow thestage one top flow stream to flow out of the upper flow stream outlet 34during rotation of the drive shaft 20.

Operation of Stage One Centrifuge

FIGS. 7 and 8 show the stage one centrifuge 10 in operation. Stage onefeed 100 is added to the discharge space 24 through the feed inlet 28.The drive shaft 20 is rotated to generate centripetal forces manyhundreds the force of gravity at the outer edges 26 of the paddles 22.For example, where the stage one centrifuge 10 has a diameter of 1.5 mat the outer edges 26, rotation at 60 m/s will generate a force ofapproximately 400 G at the outer edges 26. Centrifugal forces of, forexample, between 100 and 700 G may also be effective for separatingfines from stage one feed 100. For other applications, for exampleseparating hydrocarbons from water, lower centrifugal forces may beeffective, for example about 200 G. Gravity and centripetal force eachcontribute to separating solid components 102 of the stage one feed 100from fluid components 104. Gravity draws the solid components 102 down.Centripetal force urges the solid components 102 outward.

Centripetal force is greater proximate the outer surface of the innerassembly 18 than at points closer to the drive shaft 20 (e.g. at surfaceof the shroud 38; in embodiments where the baffle is located furtherinward relative to the outer edges 26 of the paddles, centripetal forcemay be greater proximate the outer edges 26 than at points closer to thedrive shaft 20). The greater centripetal force facilitates separation ofsolid components 102 from fluid components 104 of the stage one feed 100at the interface between the shroud 38 and the discharge space 24.Separation of the fluid components 104 from the solids components 102occurs primarily at the shroud 38. In addition, the greater bulk densityof the stage one feed 100 compared to upper flow stream 106 proximatethe top 14 may facilitate separation of the fluid components 104 fromthe solid components 102 based on differences in bulk density. The fluidcomponents 104 passing through the apertures 40 in the shroud 38 willinclude a proportion of the suspended solids which do not follow thesolid components 102 to the inner surface of the body 12.

Without being bound by theory, the action of the stage one centrifuge 10concentrates the solid components 102 in the discharge space 24proximate the bottom 16, producing stage one lower flow stream 108,which includes water and solid components 102. The stage one lower flowstream 108 may be removed from the stage one centrifuge 10, for exampleby a worm gear (not shown). The fluid components 104 are displacedupward, producing the stage one upper flow stream 106. The stage oneupper flow stream 106 may for example include water, hydrocarbons, andultrafines. The stage one upper flow stream 106 flows out of the stageone centrifuge 10 through the second upper flow stream discharge outlet39.

Without being bound by theory, if the stage one feed 100 has a loweredpH, the surfaces of clay sheets may be neutralized by H₃O⁺, facilitatingaggregation of the fines and therefore facilitating separation of finesfrom water, hydrocarbons, and ultrafines. Clay sheets may alignthemselves with the flow, presenting a small aspect ratio to the flowand lowering drag force on the fines.

Without being bound by theory, rotation of the inner assembly 18 maytransfer energy to a colloidal suspension in the stage one feed 100which is fed into in the discharge space 24. The energy transferred maybe sufficiently high to overcome the E_(a) and break down the colloidalsuspension in the discharge space 24, facilitating flow of stage onelower flow stream 108 out of the body 12. The energy transferred mayalso be sufficiently low to not cause excessive turbulent flow in thedischarge space 24 to impede settling of the solid components 102.

The shroud 38 may lower the amount of energy transferred from thepaddles 22 to the stage one feed 100. Without being bound by theory, thepresence of the shroud 38 may mitigate erosion of the body 12 by thestage one feed 100 during centrifugation. In addition, a boundary effectin the discharge space 24 may reduce the flow near the inner surface ofthe body 12, where the viscosity of the stage one feed 100 due to thesolid components 102 will be the greatest. The boundary effect thusprovides a slow moving viscous mud at the inner surface of the body 12and contributes to lowering erosion of the inner surface of the body 12.These effects may be more pronounced in embodiments where the innershell 12 has a smooth inner surface.

The radial dimension of the paddles 22 and the rotational velocityduring operation determine the drag force on suspended particles in thestage one feed 100. Without being bound by theory, the larger the radialdimension of the paddles 22, the higher the bulk flow velocity of thewater, resulting in the removal of smaller particles. At a greaterradial dimension of the paddles 22, the pressure generated by thepaddles 22 during operation increases.

In an embodiment, stage one lower flow stream 108 may be reintroducedinto the discharge space 24 to provide nucleation points for aggregationof fines. The stage one lower flow stream 108 may be introduced in thedischarge space 24 during operation or prior to the stage one feed 100entering the discharge space 24 through the feed inlet 28.

During operation of the stage one centrifuge 10, a column 110 of CO₂ gasmay form in the center of the inner assembly 18. The pressure at thefluid-CO₂ interface 112 may be kept at a selected pressure to provide aselected result, for example 10 MPa to keep the concentration of CO₂dissolved in the stage one feed at a selected value and maintain aselected pH. The column 110 may be regulated using the relief valve 44.Without being bound by theory, the column 110 may mitigate the tendencyfor fluids being centrifuged to cause cavitation on the drive shaft 22.

In an embodiment, a level controller (not shown) may detect differentialpressures between atmospheric and within the centrifuge 10 to regulatethe flow out of the upper flow stream outlet 34. At a pressure of 10MPa, the body 12 may be exposed to pressures of about 30 MPa duringoperation as a result of pressure generated by the paddles. Pressuregenerated by the paddles 22 during operation may be reduced by reducingthe thickness of the water and maximizing the diameter of the column110, or by reducing the rotational speed of the paddles 22.

Design considerations for the stage one centrifuge 10 are influenced byfactors including the selected daily flow rate of stage one feed 100into a single stage one centrifuge 10. The proportion of stage one feed100 that will generate stage one upper flow stream 106 and stage onelower flow stream 108 will be determined by, among other factors, thespecific stage one feed 100 being treated, and the speed at which thestage one centrifuge 10 is operated. For example, 15,000 m³/d of stageone feed 10 may added to the discharge space 24, and 80% of the stageone feed 100 volume may be stage one upper flow stream 106 while theremaining 20% of the stage one feed 100 volume may be stage one lowerflow stream 108. In this example, the rate of flow from the lower flowstream outlet 30 may be about 3,000 m³/d of stage one lower flow stream108 that is 50% by volume water with a density of 1,500 kg/m³. Incontrast, the rate of flow from the upper flow stream outlet 34 may beabout 12,000 m³/d of the stage one upper flow stream 106 that is (whichis predominantly water with a small around of fines, ultrafines, andhydrocarbons). The rate that the stage one lower flow stream 108 isremoved at will have to be selected to account for these and otherfactors.

Alternative Features in the Stage One Centrifuge

In an embodiment, a second body 35 extends from the top 14 to provide anupper flow stream discharge space 37. An upper flow stream dischargepassage 41 provides fluid communication between the body 12 and theupper flow stream outlet 34. The upper flow stream discharge outlet 34is in fluid communication with the upper flow stream discharge space 37.A second upper flow stream discharge outlet 39 provides fluidcommunication between the upper flow stream discharge space 37 and theexterior of the stage one centrifuge 10.

In an embodiment, the inner assembly 18 includes an inner assembly top36 and an inner assembly bottom 43. The inner assembly top 36 and innerassembly bottom 43 prevent backflow of stage one upper flow stream 106into the inner assembly 18. The inner assembly top 36 and the innerassembly bottom 43 are each wear surfaces and may be hardened towithstand abrasion, may be designed to be easily replaced, or both. Inan embodiment, the shroud 38 may be a smooth material, for example sheetmetal, to provide a smooth outer surface of the shroud 38. In anembodiment, protrusions (not shown) may extend from the inner surface ofthe body 12 to slow fluid flow near the inner surface of the body 12,reducing erosion of the body 12.

In an embodiment, the paddles 22 may have a negatively-charged surfaceto facilitate alignment of clay particles with the flow of fluid whenthe stage one centrifuge 10 is in operation to reduce drag. For example,the paddles 22 may be exposed to a negative charge, or the body 12 maybe exposed to a positive charge. Alternatively, a suitable coating maybe applied to the paddles 22 to provide a negative charge to the paddles(for example, a plastic or other material that allows a static electriccharge to be built up) (Shainberg et al., 1982; Laurent et al., 2006).

In an embodiment, the shroud 38 may have a negatively-charged surface tofacilitate alignment of clay particles with the flow of fluid when thestage one centrifuge 10 is in operation to reduce drag.

In an embodiment, the connectors 42 may be substantially perpendicularto the paddles 22.

In an embodiment, the feed inlet 28 may be proximate the top 14. In anembodiment, the feed inlet 28 may be in the top 14.

In an embodiment, a plurality of stage one feed inlets 28 may bedistributed along the length, the periphery, or both, of the body 12.This may decrease differences in bulk density of material in the stageone centrifuge.

In an embodiment, the drive shaft 20 may be powered by a variable speedmotor (not shown). The motor may, for example, be an electric motor.

In an embodiment, a pressure relief valve 44 is in the body 12 torelieve pressure from within the body.

In an embodiment, a pump, for example a metering pump, is present on thestage one centrifuge 10 to provide CO₂ to the stage one feed 100 at aselected concentration. For example, the CO₂ may be provided at apressure selected to result in a partial pressure of 10 MPa CO₂ in thecentrifuge. For example, the CO₂ may be provided at a pressure selectedto result in a partial pressure in the centrifuge equal to that of acolumn of CO₂ gas (for example column 110 in FIGS. 7 and 8).

In an embodiment, the stage one centrifuge 10 may include features tocontrol the rate of removal of the stage one lower flow stream 108. Forexample, the lower flow stream outlet 30 may include a worm gear (notshown). In an embodiment, the rate of removal may be controlled based ona selected density of stage one lower flow stream 108 in the dischargespace 24. For example, removal may begin when the density of the stageone lower flow stream 108 is sufficiently great.

FIGS. 9 and 10 show an alternative inner assembly 218 for the stage onecentrifuge 10. In the inner assembly 218, the paddles 22 extend to thedrive shaft 20 along substantially their entire longitudinal lengths, incontrast to being connected to the drive shaft 20 by connectors 42 as inthe inner assembly 18. Disc supports 242 are present in place of theconnectors 42 and compartmentalize the inner assembly 218. Without beingbound by theory, compartmentalization of the inner assembly 218 mayfurther increase the uniformity of fluids passing toward the center ofthe inner assembly 218, which may further decrease the likelihood thatsuspended solids 102 are swept by fluids 104 migrating toward the centerof the inner assembly 218.

FIG. 11 shows an alternative shroud 238 having apertures 240 in theshape of hexagons. A permeable sheet 239 is present at the base of theapertures 240 for allowing fluids to pass through the shroud 238. In anembodiment, the apertures 240 may be about 25 mm in depth and about 3 mmbetween points on the hexagonal cross section of the apertures 240.

FIG. 12 shows an alternative centrifuge 250 with a substantiallyvertical axis of rotation that is off the vertical by about 10 degrees.

Stage Two Centrifuge

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional elevation view of a stage two centrifuge210 in operation. FIG. 14 is a plan view of a base 204 of the stage twocentrifuge 210. The stage two centrifuge 210 includes features common tothe stage one centrifuge 10. In addition to the features common to thestage one centrifuge 10, the stage two centrifuge 210 includes a cycloneseparator 202 at the bottom of the stage two centrifuge 210. The driveshaft 20 and inner assembly 18 are supported on a base 204 anchored tothe body 12 by legs 206. Rotation of the inner assembly 18 provides arotating flow to separate ooids 300 from stage two upper flow stream306.

In an embodiment, the stage two centrifuge 210 may include a pluralityof additive inlets 208 along the wall 32 for introducing chemicals tothe discharge space 24. For example, addition of Ca(OH)₂ may ensure thatfluid in the body 12 (for example stage one upper flow stream 106) issaturated with CaCO₃.

In an embodiment, the inner surfaces of the stage two centrifuge 210 arecoated with a material to which CaCO₃ is unlikely to bind, for example anon-polar surface coating.

In an embodiment, the volume of the discharge space 24 may be selectedto facilitate formation of ooids 300 (see “Operation of Stage TwoCentrifuge”, below) by allowing the ooids 300 more time to form. Asmaller discharge space 24 may facilitate faster flow of fluids duringcentrifugation, greater mixing with turbulence, and more rapid coatingof fines with CaCO₃ to form ooids 300. A larger discharge space 24 mayfacilitate greater resonance time but may also slow flow of fluidsduring centrifugation, reduce mixing with turbulence, and slow coatingof fines with CaCO₃, impeding formation of ooids 300 (relative to asmaller discharge space 24).

Operation of Stage Two Centrifuge

In operation, stage one upper flow stream 106 is introduced to thedischarge space 24 through the feed inlet 28. The stage one upper flowstream 106 may be alkalinized, for example by addition of Ca(OH)₂ andOH⁻ (for example as NaOH). In an embodiment, the stage one upper flowstream 106 is alkalinized prior to introduction into the discharge space24. In an embodiment, the stage one upper flow stream 106 is alkalinizedfollowing introduction into the discharge space 24, for example byaddition of Ca(OH)₂ and OH⁻ at the inlets 208.

Without being bound by theory, ooids 300 form in the alkalinized stageone upper flow stream 106 during operation of the stage two centrifuge210. The ooids 300 are drawn down by gravity and urged outward towardsthe body 12 by centripetal force. As a result of the movement of ooids300, fluid components 302 of the stage one upper flow stream 106 flowupward. Stage two lower flow stream 304, which includes ooids 300 andwater, is collected by the cyclone separator 202 and flows out of thestage two centrifuge 210 through the lower flow stream outlet 30. Theooids 300 become more likely to settle as they increase in size. Theooids 300 will increase in size where they are exposed to CaCO₃ atelevated pH. Stage two upper flow stream 306, which includes water,flows out of the upper flow stream outlet 34 and second upper flowstream discharge outlet 39.

Stage Three Centrifuge

FIGS. 15 to 19 and 23 show a stage three centrifuge 400. The stage threecentrifuge 400 includes an elongate body 402 having a fluid dischargeend 404 and a solids discharge end 406. A separation zone 403 is definedwithin the body 402. The centrifuge 400 includes a rotation driver forthe body 402, exemplified by a plurality of drive wheels 408 and toprovide rotational acceleration to the body 402 about the longitudinalaxis of the body 402, and a plurality of support wheels 410 to supportthe body 402. In some embodiments, the rotation driver may alternativelyinclude a single drive wheel 408, a single support wheel 410, or mayalternatively provide rotational drive and support to the body 402 bysuitable devices other than drive wheels 408 and support wheels 410.

The rake assembly 412 is within the body 402. The rake assembly 412includes a drive shaft 414 to provide rotational acceleration to therake assembly 412. The drive shaft 414 is mounted in the fluid dischargeend 404 and the solids discharge end 406 in bearings 415 in the body 402to facilitate rotation of the rake assembly 412 independently of thebody 402.

The rake assembly 412 includes a rake 432 connected to the drive shaftby a plurality of connectors 416. The rake 432 may, for example bebetween about 2.5 and 5 cm in width, and is separated from the innersurface of the body 402 by a relatively small distance (e.g. about 2 mm;see further details below and in “Operation of Stage Three Centrifuge”).The rake 432 pushes solids to the solids discharge end 406 when the rakeassembly 412 is rotated relative to the body 402. In the exemplifiedembodiment, the rake 432 extends substantially along the entire lengthof the body 402 along a helical path to push solids to the solidsdischarge end 406 during rotation of the rake 432, but any suitabledesign of rake 432 may be included in the rake assembly 412 for pushingsolids to the solids discharge end 406 when the rake assembly 412 isrotated relative to the body 402. An inside diameter of the body 402becomes smaller approaching the solids discharge end 406, forming aslope 418. The rake 432 and connectors 416 are sized to match the slope418 and conform to an inner diameter of the body 402 along the length ofthe body 402. The slope 418 provides a path for solids to reach a solidsdischarge outlet 420. At the fluid discharge end 404, a fluid dischargeoutlet 422 is present at a given level selected provide a selectedoutput of fluid from the stage three centrifuge 400.

The body 402 and the drive shaft 414 are each elongate along an axisthat is substantially horizontal, and may be horizontal (e.g. in thestage three centrifuge 400). As a result, a common axis of rotation ofthe body 402 and of the drive shaft 414 is substantially horizontal. Theextent to which the axis of rotation may be off the horizontal and stillachieve the performance required for a given application will depend onthe given application and operating parameters of a given embodiment.For example, in some embodiments, the axis of rotation may be off thehorizontal by up to about 20 degrees.

As shown in FIGS. 16 and 23, in an embodiment, a shroud 417 may bepresent on the outside of the body 402 to receive a fluid component ofstage three feed from the fluid discharge outlet 422. The shroud 417does not rotate with the body 402, facilitating connection of the shroud417 to a removal assembly (not shown) to remove the fluid component 602(FIG. 19). A similar shroud may be attached at the solid discharge end406 (not shown), for connection to a removal assembly (not shown) toremove the solid component 600 (FIG. 19).

One or more feed pipes provide flowable material to the body 402. In theillustrated embodiment, a first feed pipe 424 and a second feed pipe 426are in the drive shaft 414. The first feed pipe 424 is in fluidcommunication with the body 402 proximate the fluid discharge end 404.The second feed pipe 426 is in fluid communication with the body 402proximate the solids discharge end 406. A first feed may be deliveredthrough the first feed pipe 424 and a second feed may be deliveredthrough the second feed pipe 426. The drive shaft 414 includes feedapertures 433, 435 to allow the first and second feeds to enter the body402. In an embodiment, the first and second feed pipes 424, 426 may berespectively mounted in bearings 428, 430 in the drive shaft 414 toallow the first and second feed pipes 424, 426 to rotate independentlyof the drive shaft 414.

In an embodiment, the first feed pipe 424 is in fluid communication withthe body 402 about a third of the way along the longitudinal axis fromthe fluid discharge end 404. The second feed pipe 426 is in fluidcommunication with the body 402 about a third of the way along thelongitudinal axis from the solids discharge end 406.

In an embodiment, a braking system 434 is provided to slow rotationalspeed of the drive shaft 414. For example, the braking system may be abrake disc 436 and a brake 438. Alternatively, the braking system 434may be a gear assembly (not shown), or any other appropriate brakingsystem 434 may be employed. Without application of the braking system434, the rake assembly 412 will rotate at a similar velocity to the body402. With application of the braking system 434, the drive shaft 414will rotate at a lower velocity than the body 402, resulting in adifferential rotation between the drive shaft 414 and the body 403. Forexample, the rake assembly 412 may rotate at a differential speed thatis 1-2 m/s slower than the body 402.

In an embodiment, the body 402 may be about 1.5 meters in diameter andabout 10 meters long. The illustrated drive wheels 408 and supportwheels 410 in FIGS. 15 to 18 are elongated to facilitate supporting ofthe body 402. Alternatively, a series of wheels that are not elongated,for example truck tires, may be used in series to support the body 402,for example, being distributed about every 1.5 meters along the lengthof the body 402 (not shown). In an embodiment, rotating the body 402 atabout 30 m/s may generate centripetal force of about 120 times the forceof gravity. In other embodiments, rotating the body 402 may generatecentripetal force of between 70 and 170 times the force of gravity.

In an embodiment, the drive wheels 408 may be powered by a drive shaftand a variable speed motor (not shown). The motor may, for example, bean electric motor.

In an embodiment, the support wheels 410 may be connected to a steelframe that is secured to a foundation of a building (not shown).

In an embodiment, the stage three centrifuge 400 may be open to theatmosphere. In an embodiment, means may be included to recover gas thatmay evolve from within the body 402. In an embodiment, a VRU may beincluded to recover the CO₂ and prevent its release into the atmosphere(not shown).

In an embodiment, cross-bracing (not shown) may be present between theconnectors 416 to provide lateral support to the connectors 416. Forexample, the cross-bracing could be substantially perpendicular to twoconnectors 416 and extend between the two connectors 416.

FIG. 20 is detail view of an embodiment of the rake 432 defining acavity 440 on the surface of the rake 432 facing the inner surface ofthe body 402. In operation, fines may concentrate in the cavity 440.Without being bound by theory, Bernoulli effects may urge the fines tothe flow into the cavity 440, and fines may align with this flow,facilitating aggregation of fines and CaCO₃. In an embodiment, the rake432 includes flanges 442 for drawing fluid under the flanges 442, whichmay facilitate hydroplaning of the rake 432 across the body 402 duringdifferential rotation of the rake assembly 412 relative to the body 402.

Operation of Stage Three Centrifuge

FIG. 19 shows the stage three centrifuge 500 in operation. Stage threefeed is added to the stage three centrifuge 500. The stage three feedincludes a fluid component 600 and a solid component 602. In someembodiments, the stage three feed includes stage one lower flow stream108, stage two lower flow stream 304, or both. Without being bound bytheory, the higher pH of the stage two lower flow stream 304 may causeprecipitation of CaCO₃ from the stage one lower flow stream 108 when thelower flow streams 108, 304 mix.

Rotation of the body 402 directs the solid component 600 to the innersurface of the body 402 by centripetal force. During rotation of thebody 402, fluids within the body 402 will be located between the rake432 and the inner surface of the body 402. Where the drive shaft is notengaged, rotation of the body 402 with fluid inside the separation zone403 results in rotation of the rake assembly 412 at a similar speed.Braking or acceleration applied to the drive shaft 414 will result indifferential rotation of the rake assembly 412 relative to the body 402(e.g. the rake assembly 412 may be rotated at a slower rotationalvelocity than the body 402 by applying braking to the drive shaft 414 orat a greater rotational velocity than the body 402 by applyingacceleration to the drive shaft 414).

Differential rotation of the rake assembly 412 relative to the body 402directs the solid component 600 to the solid discharge end 402 whererecovered solids 606 are directed out of the solids discharge outlet420. As the solid component 600 is pushed up the slope 420 to the soliddischarge end 402, the solid component 600 is raised above the fluidlevel 604 and further fluid component 602 is separated from the solidcomponent 600. The recovered solids 606 may for example be stackable drytailings. The mechanical action of the rake 432 facilitates aggregationof the solid component 600. Similarly, differential rotation of the rakeassembly 412 relative to the body 402 directs the fluid component 602 tothe fluid discharge end 404 where recovered fluid 608 flows through thefluid outlet 422. The recovered fluids 608 may for example includeprocess water.

Rotation of the rake assembly 412 may also centralize the rake 432 andsupport the body 402 from within the separation zone 403. Without beingbound by theory, the relative velocity of rake 432 to the body 402, afew millimeters away, may generate a high-pressure condition in thespace between the rake 432 and the body 402. The differential pressurewill push out on the rake 432, centralizing the rake assembly 412 in thebody 402, drawing fluid under the rake 432, and supporting the body 402from within the separation zone 403. In an embodiment, the rake 432 mayextend along the body 402 to provide evenly distributed support aroundthe circumference of the inner surface of the body 402 (e.g. where therake follows a helical path).

In an embodiment, cationic polymers (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) may beadded to the stage two lower flow stream 304 to further precipitateooids 300 closer to the fluid discharge end 404.

Stage Three Centrifuge with Support Plates

FIGS. 21 and 22 show a stage three centrifuge 500. The stage threecentrifuge 500 includes features common to the stage three centrifuge400. In addition to the features common to the stage three centrifuge400, the rake 532 of the rake assembly 502 is discontinuous and supportplates 504 are positioned along the rake assembly 502 for furthersupporting the elongate body 402 from within. The support plates 504include one or more apertures 506 to provide fluids communication acrossthe plates 504. In an embodiment, the level of the apertures 506 may befurther from the body 402 closer to the feed apertures 433, 435 comparedto the level of the apertures 506 closer to the solids discharge outlet420 and fluid discharge outlet 422.

In an embodiment, skis 508 extend from the support plates 504. The skis508 do not contact the inner surface of the body 402. During operation,the skis 508 may hydroplane on fluid in the body 402 a few millimetersfrom the inner surface of the body 402, mitigating abrasive damage tothe inner surface of the body 402 by the blades 416 and centralizing thesupport plates 504 similarly to the centralizing action of the rakeassembly 502. Alternatively, the support plates 504 and the skis 508 canbe sized and positioned such that the skis 508 skim across the surfaceof the fluids at the fluid level 604 during operation (not shown).

In an embodiment, the skis 508 may each define a cavity similarly to thecavity 440 of the rake 432. As with the cavity 440, in operation, finesmay concentrate in the cavities of the skis 508. Without being bound bytheory, Bernoulli effects may urge the fines to the flow into thecavities of the skis 580, and fines may align with this flow,facilitating aggregation of fines and CaCO₃. In an embodiment, the skis508 may include flanges similar to the flanges 442 of the rake 432 forfacilitating hydroplaning on the body 402.

The skis 508 may mitigate load on bearings 415 and reduce vibrations.Without being bound by theory, the relative velocity of the skis 508 tothe body 402, a few millimeters away, may generate a high-pressurecondition in the space between the skis 508 and the body 402. Thedifferential pressure will push out on the skis 508, centralizing therake assembly 502 in the body 402, drawing fluid from the under the ski508, and supporting the body 402 from within the separation zone 403. Inan embodiment, three skis 508 are on each of the support plates 504 toprovide uniform support about a circumference of the rake assembly 502.Other even spaced distributions of the skis 508 may also result inuniform support.

Examples Only

In the preceding description, for purposes of explanation, numerousdetails are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding ofthe embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the artthat these specific details are not required.

The above-described embodiments are intended to be examples only.Alterations, modifications and variations can be effected to theparticular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departingfrom the scope, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.

REFERENCES

-   R. J Mikula, V. A Munoz, O. Omotoso, Centrifuge options for    production of “Dry stackable tailings” in surface mined oil sands    tailing management, Canadian Petroleum Society, 2008.-   Definitions of Clay Crystals, Juma, N. The Pedosphere and its    Dynamics; Mineralogy, 6.3 Clay Crystals, 1998.-   P. Mercier, Y. Page, Y. Tu, L. Kotlyar, Powder, X-Ray Diffraction of    Phyllosilcate Mass and Area verse Particle Thickness Distributions    for Clays from Athabasca Oil Sands, NRC, 2008.-   Subsurface mineralization, Rate of CO₂ mineralization and    geo-mechanical effects on host and seal formations, S. Hangx, 2005,    CATO work package.-   Centrifuge Tailing from Oil Sands Plant, A resource Material for    Titanium and Zirconium, A. Majid, F. Toll, B Sparks, 1998, National    Research council.-   Electrical Conductivity of Na/Ca Montmorillonite Gels, I,    Shainberg, J. D. Oster, J. D. Wood, 1982, The Clay mineral Society.-   Laurent, J Michot, I Bihannic, S. Maddl., Liquid-crystalline aqueous    clay suspensions, PHAS, 2006.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A centrifuge for separating a suspensioninto a fluid component and a solids component, the centrifugecomprising: an elongate body extending along a substantially horizontallongitudinal axis between a fluid discharge end and a solids dischargeend, the body rotatable about the longitudinal axis; a separation zonedefined within the body; a rotation driver that rotates the body aboutthe longitudinal axis, the rotation driver rotatably engaging the bodybetween the fluid discharge end and the solids discharge end thereof; adrive shaft extending through the body and rotatable about thelongitudinal axis independently of the body; a rake connected to thedrive shaft and positioned proximate an inner surface of the body suchthat the rake is stabilized and centralized in the body duringdifferential rotation of the rake relative to the body in the presenceof a fluid; a first inlet for receiving the suspension into theseparation zone; a fluid discharge outlet for discharging fluidproximate the fluid discharge; and a solids discharge outlet fordischarging solids proximate the solids discharge end; wherein rotationof the body with the suspension in the separation zone causes rotationof the rake and drive shaft; and the differential rotation of the rakerelative to the body directs solids to the solid discharge end.
 2. Thecentrifuge of claim 1 wherein the rake is helical and extends alongsubstantially the entire length of the body along the longitudinal axis.3. The centrifuge of claim 1 further comprising a brake for slowingrotation of the drive shaft independently of the body to providedifferential rotation of the rake and the body.
 4. The centrifuge ofclaim 1 wherein the first inlet is located within the drive shaft. 5.The centrifuge of claim 1 wherein the rake defines a cavity on an outersurface of the rake facing the inner surface of the body for pooling ofthe suspension during rotation of the drive shaft.
 6. The centrifuge ofclaim 5 further comprising flanges extending laterally from each side ofthe cavity to facilitate rotation of the rake and the drive shaft byrotation of the body with the suspension in the separation zone and tofacilitate hydroplaning over the inner surface of the body duringdifferential rotation.
 7. The centrifuge of claim 1 wherein the rotationdriver comprises a support wheel positioned about an outer surface ofthe body for supporting the body during rotation of the body and a drivewheel positioned about the outer surface for driving rotation of thebody about the longitudinal axis.
 8. The centrifuge of claim 1 whereinthe fluid discharge outlet is on the fluid discharge end.
 9. Thecentrifuge of claim 1 wherein the solids discharge outlet is on thesolids discharge end.
 10. The centrifuge of claim 1 wherein the rotationdriver is positioned about an outer surface of the body.
 11. Thecentrifuge of claim 1 wherein centralizing the rake in the body duringdifferential rotation of the rake relative to the body in the presenceof a fluid comprises generating a high-pressure condition in the spacebetween the rake and the body.
 12. The centrifuge of claim 1 whereincentralizing in the body during differential rotation of the rakerelative to the body in the presence of a fluid comprises hydroplaningthe rake over the inner surface of the body.
 13. The centrifuge of claim7 further comprising a plurality of support wheels about the outersurface for driving rotation of the body about the longitudinal axis.14. The centrifuge of claim 7 further comprising a plurality of drivewheels about the outer surface for driving rotation of the body aboutthe longitudinal axis.
 15. A centrifuge for separating a suspension intoa fluid component and a solids component, the centrifuge comprising: anelongate body extending along a substantially horizontal longitudinalaxis between a fluid discharge end and a solids discharge end, the bodyrotatable about the longitudinal axis; a separation zone defined withinthe body; a rotation driver for rotating the body about the longitudinalaxis; a drive shaft extending through the body and rotatable about thelongitudinal axis independently of the body; a rake connected to thedrive shaft and positioned proximate an inner surface of the body suchthat the rake is stabilized and centralized in the body duringdifferential rotation of the rake relative to the body in the presenceof a fluid; a first inlet for receiving the suspension into theseparation zone, wherein the first inlet is located within the driveshaft; a second inlet within the drive shaft for delivering fluid to theseparation zone, the first and second inlets delivering feed atdifferent longitudinal locations along the separation zone; a fluiddischarge outlet for discharging fluid proximate the fluid discharge;and a solids discharge outlet for discharging solids proximate thesolids discharge end; wherein rotation of the body with the suspensionin the separation zone causes rotation of the rake and drive shaft; andthe differential rotation of the rake relative to the body directssolids to the solid discharge end.
 16. A centrifuge for separating asuspension into a fluid component and a solids component, the centrifugecomprising: an elongate body extending along a substantially horizontallongitudinal axis between a fluid discharge end and a solids dischargeend, the body rotatable about the longitudinal axis; a separation zonedefined within the body; a rotation driver for rotating the body aboutthe longitudinal axis; a drive shaft extending through the body androtatable about the longitudinal axis independently of the body; asupport plate mounted on the drive shaft for supporting the body, thesupport plate including a plurality of apertures for allowing fluid topass through the support plate; a rake connected to the drive shaft andpositioned proximate an inner surface of the body such that the rake isstabilized and centralized in the body during differential rotation ofthe rake relative to the body in the presence of a fluid; a first inletfor receiving the suspension into the separation zone, wherein the firstinlet is located within the drive shaft; a fluid discharge outlet fordischarging fluid proximate the fluid discharge; and a solids dischargeoutlet for discharging solids proximate the solids discharge end;wherein rotation of the body with the suspension in the separation zonecauses rotation of the rake and drive shaft; and the differentialrotation of the rake relative to the body directs solids to the soliddischarge end.
 17. A centrifuge for separating a suspension into a fluidcomponent and a solids component, the centrifuge comprising: an elongatebody extending along a substantially horizontal longitudinal axisbetween a fluid discharge end and a solids discharge end, the bodyrotatable about the longitudinal axis; a separation zone defined withinthe body, a rotation driver for rotating the body about the longitudinalaxis; a drive shaft extending through the body and rotatable about thelongitudinal axis independently of the body; a rake connected to thedrive shaft and positioned proximate an inner surface of the body,wherein connectors connect the rake to the drive shaft, wherein the rakehas a width that is wider than the connectors, and wherein the rake ispositioned sufficiently proximate the inner surface to be stabilized andcentralized therein by a high-pressure condition in a space between therake and the body caused by differential rotation of the rake relativeto the body and the width of the rake; a first inlet for receiving thesuspension into the separation zone; a fluid discharge outlet fordischarging fluid proximate the fluid discharge; and a solids dischargeoutlet for discharging solids proximate the solids discharge end;wherein rotation of the body with the suspension in the separation zonecauses rotation of the rake and drive shaft; and the differentialrotation of the rake relative to the body directs solids to the soliddischarge end.
 18. The centrifuge of claim 17, wherein the rake isprevented from contacting the inner surface of the body by a fluidwithin the space therebetween during the differential rotation.
 19. Thecentrifuge of claim 17 further comprising a brake for slowing rotationof the drive shaft independently of the body to provide differentialrotation of the rake and the body.
 20. The centrifuge of claim 17wherein the rake defines a cavity on an outer surface of the rake facingthe inner surface of the body for pooling of the suspension duringrotation of the drive shaft.
 21. The centrifuge of claim 20 furthercomprising flanges extending laterally from the each side of the cavityto facilitate rotation of the rake and the drive shaft by rotation ofthe body with the suspension in the separation zone and to facilitatehydroplaning over the inner surface of the body during differentialrotation.
 22. The centrifuge of claim 17 wherein the rotation drivercomprises a support wheel positioned about an outer surface of the bodyfor supporting the body during rotation of the body and a drive wheelpositioned about the outer surface for driving rotation of the bodyabout the longitudinal axis.
 23. The centrifuge of claim 22 furthercomprising a plurality of support wheels about the outer surface fordriving rotation of the body about the longitudinal axis.
 24. Thecentrifuge of claim 22 further comprising a plurality of drive wheelsabout the outer surface for driving rotation of the body about thelongitudinal axis.
 25. The centrifuge of claim 17 wherein the rotationdriver rotatably engages an outer surface of the body between the fluiddischarge end and the solids discharge end.